Migraine

A migraine is a common neurological condition involving changes to nerves and blood vessels in the brain. It causes recurring attacks that are usually more than just a headache [1]. Attacks often last from a few hours up to around three days, and for many people symptoms improve as they get older [1].

The main symptom is often a throbbing headache, which may be on one side of the head, along with feeling sick or being sick and increased sensitivity to light or sound [1]. Some people notice early warning signs such as tiredness, food cravings or mood changes [1]. Some people also get an "aura" before an attack — for example seeing zigzag lines or flashing lights, tingling, or difficulty speaking — which should not last more than an hour [1].

The exact cause of migraine is not fully known, but a family history can increase the chance of getting them [1]. Attacks can be set off by triggers such as periods, stress or anxiety, skipping meals, too much caffeine and not getting enough exercise [1]. Keeping a diary can help you spot your own triggers [1].

Treatment can include medicines taken to ease an attack and, for some people, medicines to help prevent attacks; approaches such as relaxation techniques may also be used [1]. Self-care steps that can help include resting in a quiet, dark room, keeping to regular sleep and meals, and managing stress [1]. Using painkillers too often (more than about two days a week) can lead to medication-overuse headaches, so it is worth getting advice if you are using them frequently [1]. This page does not recommend a specific medicine.

See a GP if your migraines are severe, happen more than about once a week, or are hard to control [1]. Get urgent advice from NHS 111 if an attack lasts longer than 72 hours, or an aura lasts more than an hour [1]. Call 999 or go to A&E if you or someone else has a sudden, extremely severe headache, problems with speech, vision or memory, weakness or numbness on one side, seizures, or a very high temperature with a stiff neck and rash — these can be signs of a serious problem [1].